Brush manufacture



' Dec. 25, 1951 Filed Aug. e, 1945 R. O. PETERSON ET AL BRUSH MANUFACTURE 2 SHEETS-SHEET l 48 INVENTORJ ATTORNEYS Dec- 25, 1951 R. o. PETERSON ET AL v 2,580,378

BRUSH MANUFACTURE Filed Aug. e, 1945 2 SHEETS- SHEET 2 ATTORNEYS Patented Dec. 25, 1951 BRUSH MANUFACTURE Ruben 0. Peterson, University Heights, and Vernon K. Charvat,`Lakewod, Ghio, assignor's to The Oisborn Manufacturing Company, Cleveland, Ohio, a corporation of Ohio Application August 6, 1945, Serial No. 609,280

(Cl. 3D0-21) 23 Claims. i

The present invention, relatingV asY indicated to brush manufacture, has more particular regard to the manufacture of brushes of the so-called twisted stem type, i. e. brushes in which the bristles or equivalent stranded brush material is secured between av plurality of parallelV disposed wires which are then twisted about a common axis with theresult that such brush material is disposed in the form of a helixvabout the re-"` sulting twisted stem. The present improvements equally relates to the manufacture of a modified form of such twisted stem type of-brush as familiarly made, wherein the twisting of the stem members stcpsyshort of the inserted layer of brush material, the .latter being retained between straight parallel sections of the stem wires which are pressed together with sufficient force to compact such layer and secure the same against dislodgement under-conditions of use. The specific form of brush yjust referred to, it should be noted, forms the subject matter of a co-pending application filed by Messrs. Ruben O. Peterson andVernon K. Charvat under date ofv November 22, 1943, Serial No. 511,256, of which this application is a continuationii-part 'and which is nowV Patent No.v 2,456,396, Mar. 29, 1949.

While brushesoi the familiar twisted-,stem type have long been known as-suitablefor use in certain limitedfields, they have never figured largely in industrial and shop uses, as, for vremoving f burrs, and cleaning and polishing metal parts, due to the fact that the. stem wiresehave only in .eiect a point contact with the sides` ofv the roundstrands of brush material so that the latter is subject under hard conditions cf'service to .undue concentration of flexure with consequent rapid deterioration, particularly where wire strands form the material. It has also been found dicult tosecure a sufficient body ofthe brush material. between the wires of the stem so as to provide a brush capable of eecting burr removal, cleaning or polishing action` inr contact withv metal parts.

In 'the improved brush with the manufacture of which the present invention is concerned, the wires between which the4 brush material is held are formed. with nat opposed faces, so that the layer of brush material, whether twisted into helical form or left asI a flat layer; will be transversely supported at its centerfportion fora distance equal to the width of the stem. wires.y As

a result, not only is suchk material more firmly attached to the stem than where the-latter is formed of ordinaryV round `wire, but the layer 'ot such material will beheld in morecompact conv flare widely at its respectivaouter edges.

Furthermore, it has been found that by einploying stem wires of the form just described, a layer of brush materialmay be placed therebetween and firmly compressed and gripped by the wires by `forcibly pressing the latter together, irrespectiveV of further gripping action obtained by twisting such wiresfabout their common axis. as in the familiar twisted stemy type of brush. Compression of the brush material by the application of pressure greater than can be generated by the action of twisting 'stem wires together in the conventional way, makes'it possible to use', successfully, crimped or otherwise compressible brush material which is too stiff ortoc resistant to compacting to be suitable foruse inbrushes made by conventional methods. The amount or layer thickness of such brush materials can also be increased overl that which is usable in brushes made by known methods of the arti Indeed, a layer orfbrush material of'considerabl longitudinal extent may thus be permanently retained in atwise condition, i. e. without twisting the corresponding sectionscf the stem wires 'at all, and, equally important, such layer may thusV be held in such compressed state without danger of displacement during the operation of twisting the stem wires; Based on the foregoing, a significant advance hasbeen found possible. in the manufacture of brushes of the type in question whereby they maybe made from continuous strands of' brush material so as to eliminate handling short lengths ofv such material, which entails a great deal of care.v At the same time it is rendered possible automatically to perform the successive operations involved in making such brushes so that not only is a superior product obtained, butthe cost of manufacture may be materially reduced.

To the accomplishmentV of the foregoing and related ends, said invention, then, consists of the means hereinafter Afully describedA and particularly pointedV out in theH claims, the' annexed drawings and the following description setting forth in detail certain 'means and one Inode of carrying out the. invention, such disclosed means' and mode illustrating, however, but one of various ways inwhich the principle of. the invention may be used. y

InfsaidA annexed drawings: Y Fig. l isa side elevation of theimproved` form of .twisted stem brush referred to above..r wherein the brush; material; isl retained` in the` form of a 3 fiat layer, the twisting of the stem wires stopping short of said layer;

Fig. 2 is a similar side elevation of a twisted stem brush in which the twisting has been carried through the entire extent of the brush proper;

Figs. 3 and 4 illustrate more or less diagrammatically the manner in which brushes of the form illustrated in Fig. 1 may be assembled;

Fig. 5 is a similar diagrammatic perspective view illustrating the method of manufacturing a succession of such brushes from a continuous layer of brush material;

Fig. 6 is a diagrammatic plan View of an apparatus designed similarly to manufacture a succession of brushes from a continuous layer of brush material Where the brush is either of the form illustrated in Fig. 1 or that illustrated in Fig. 2;

Fig. 7 is a diagrammatic view in side elevation of one portion of the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 6;

Fig. 8 is a similar side elevation of another portion of such apparatus;

Fig. 9 is a similar side elevation of still another portion thereof; and

Figs. 10 to 12 inclusive illustrate modied forms of the brush adapted to be produced in accordance with our new method.

In order better to understand the improved method and apparatus which constitute the present invention, the brush product designed to be made thereby, as illustrated in Fig. 1 and in modified form in Fig. 2, will iirst be described.

Referring to the form illustrated in Fig. 1 (see also Fig. 3, which shows the same form of brush in process of being made), it will be noted that half-round wires' I, or the equivalent doubled portions of a single wire of half-round section, are twisted together to form the stem S of the b rush. However, the layer of brush material B instead of being inserted between such intertwisted wires with resultant helical disposition of the material, is inserted only adjacent the end or point 2, where the component wires of the stem are doubled on each other, and the twisting of the wires begins beyond, but immediately adjacent, such inserted layer of brush material. In other words, the sections 3 of the wires I, between which the brush material is held, are not only parallel but straight, and the brush material projects therefrom in corresponding straight form, i. e. extends 4through and crosswise of the stem in the form of a flat tuft. In order that such fiat tuft may be securely held between the stem wire sections 3, the latter, following insertion of the layer of brush material, are forcibly compressed together, it having been found that where the opposed faces of the stem wires are fiat, as described, they will upon being thus compressed have sufficient frictional engagement with the brush material to secure against displacement a layer of the latter of substantial longitudinal extent, as shown in Figs. 1 and 3, even under severe conditions of use.

Where it is desired that the brush have the typical form of the familiar twisted stem type, the twisting of the components I of said stem will be simply continued to include the layer of brush material previously inserted and compressed in the manner just described.. In such case it will ordinarily be desirable to employ a-layer of brush material B' of greater longitudinal extent, which upon completion of the twisting operation will assume the helicalv form 4 illustrated in Fig. 2, the stem S being formed of two wires, 0r doubled wire portions, having opposed flat faces, just as in the first-described form of brush. It should be observed that at an 5 intermediate step in the manufacture of such fully twisted form of brush the latter will be substantially identical with the form illustratedV in Fig. l, the layer of brush material being initially placed in fiat form between the opposed faces of the stem wires and the latter being pressed together with sufficient force to retain such layer against displacement at least during the further twisting operation which results in the helical form of brush as illustrated in Fig. 2.

Figs. 3 and 4 illustrate one way in which the simpler form of brush shown in Fig. 1 may be conveniently made. After inserting the layer B of brush material between the doubled portions of the wires I adjacent the point 2, the projecting portions of the wires which are to constitute the twisted stem are passed vthrough an aperture 5 in a fixed abutment 6. Such wires are then pulled forcibly, i. e. to the right as illustrated in Fig. 4, so as to press the layer of brush inaterial against said abutment and crowd the same compactly into the space between the wires allotted to such material, so as to insure a desired optimum thickness of such layer, as well as that the strands composing the same be compacted closely together. Thereupon the portions 3 cf the wires I between which the layer of brush material B has been thus inserted and compacted are forcibly pressed together between movable jaws "I, 1, so as to close such portions laterally upon the layer of brush material; following which the portions of the wires I lying beyond abutment 6 are gripped as between jaws 8, 8 which are mounted for rotation about the longitudinal axis of the brush so that upon being rotated the portions of the wires in question will be tightly twisted together to constitute the stems of the brush, as illustrated in Fig. 1.

It will be understood that in the step of compacting the layer of brush material between the doubled portions of the wires I the latter require to be deformed beyond the yield point of the material whereof they are composed so that such portions, with the compacted brush material lying therebetween, will remain substantially in the relation produced by the action of the jaws or dies 1, 1. To secure this result the stem wires should have certain cold working properties, such as possessed by several types of stainless steel instead of being formed of highly resilient or spring steel. Such compression step, furthermore, will desirably effect a substantial reduction in the area of the space between the stem wire portions in which the layer of brush material is confined and thus compacted. Particularly in the case of crimped or otherwise compressible brush materials, such area may be reduced so as to be only from 16% to 15% of the original area defined by such wire portions when the layer of brush material is inserted therebetween. By thus providing the greatest practical area possible for the insertion of the brush material, the assembly operation is greatly facilitated; then upon reduction of such area, by externally applied pressure to the extent indicated, the brush material will be very firmly gripped through `the entire extent of the contacting portions of the stem wires. A measure of the compression achieved is afforded by the ratio of the original area of the loop in which the brush material is inserted` compared with the 75 loop area after, it is reduced by the externally aupllcdprcssure@ Maximum; reduction would of coursebe obtained if the loop were'initially-Qf circular, cutlineand. then attened until .its-.sides were.. Parallel. and closely adjacent, the amount of such reduction being varied dcpendingupon thc-,dcercefofcompressibility of the brush material. Thus ifi the latter-be composed ornylon -strandssforexample less` reduction wi11 be rc:

.apart iflithadgbeen attempted to compact such material toanysuchdeerce through. tightening vcisiich-:nut 1ribcr aboutsuch material.

Oncejsuch material' is thus compressed it tends to retain its compacted form since much of the heavyfpressure employed was necessary to do the work-of deforming the components of such material'and to overcome frictional resistance of Vsuch components relative to each other.

Themethod, of manufacture just described vnot onlyflnsures. that the brush material will be securelyheldxin desired-form between the straight .portions of thedoubled stem-wire, but also greatly facilitates the vmanufacture ofthe brush by reducing such 'manufacture to several relatively 'simple operations. Moreover., such method of manufacture` lends itself to afurther improvement-in operation whereby brushes of the type in cfuestionxmay be made fromcontinuous strands of- :brush material, vso as to eliminate handling 'short .lengths of the latter, which has always presented'a :serious problem in the manufacture offftwi-stedstemtype brushes.

Such continuous method of making brushes of the. form illustrated in Fig. l 'is Aschematically illustrated .infFig 45 where the layer ofv brushma ter-ial B2 of .indefinite longitudinal extent, be-

ing fdrawn from a supply roll I0 over a guide roll Int and-thence .being subjected `to theoperation of a series of .instrumentalities on lthe order -of thoserillustrated in Fig. 4 in the manufacture of 'such brushes individually. It will be understood thatsuchulayer vof brush material will be advanced vwith av istep-by-step movement 'through these instrumentalities by means of suitable clampsfwhichengage with the layer, `and in addition to 'producing vsuch lintermittent movement `thereof serve to retain `the stranded material of the "layer under vthedesired degree of tension. Sincesimilar clamping means are employed in the =ur`ther modiedform of apparatus illustrated-in thejremaining gures of the drawings, it :has )been deemed unnecessary `to include a showing thereof in Fig. 5, which, as stated, is whollyv schematic,

Accordingly, lit will suce to state that the layer B2 'of brush material lying beyond. i. e. to therightof 'roller Il, will be advanced at intervals a vxeddistalle .so Aas to present successive .portions `of .such layer for operations, as will nowbe described, tofbeperformed thereon. The i'st 'such .operation will consist in placing transversely o'f the layer, which in eiect .constitutes a continuous web,.a .pair.of stem wires I, preferably forming parts, as previously explained,y of a doubled-wire, flat on yone side and with the at facesoppofse'd. .Such wires'may be thus doubled 50.3.5 Ltoencompassthe web, or l.the doublngmay .I

' iaws I2 which willciqual oncand once-half jaws when the latter, as well as the rotatable erm:

be hrevicuslr: p crrcrmcd. and the1 wires. slippcdcrosswisc ofthe laren or web oibrusn-.lues terial. Thencxtstepillustratcd.in such il.-. is the forceful compression. upon. thelaycr. f .c sections 3-oixthewircisftwhicn contactytherc ith. such. compression beine.- performed .betwccnfcpe pcsedrelativclr movable Jaws. 12 l2- whlch cor-v respond with previously: described. leiter-'LA l .and are located 1in alignment. with.apair-otrotatablc jaws I3. I3, thatcorrespond. witniaws 8,8cf the apparatus illustrated; in Figi vv4,- While theiaws l2, I2. are pressed:together.l the; rotatable clamp.-

ins Jaws-i3, .I3 will vlie-rotated, -Just as .in-theses@- cf; such previously .described cor,istruc.tion,:scv vas to twist;v the stern .wircs-togethcrup-to. the cdsccf the layer of-brush material. The stein wircszwill thus becomcrattached to-.thclaycrr.andbccanieci alongthereWthQ-thelleit Stagg@ While the-stem wires are shown as beingappled to the continuous iaycrorweb B? cri-brush ma.- terial at c.. point in advenir:v offiaws .12," 112., 'it will be obvious that .suchapplicaticn ci .thestcrp wires may loc-mada .atthcgpointci 'locatienef;V be

pine.. jaws` I3., are :properly spaced' apart-Y cxtentof thcsuccessivc advance.- movements-cf the layer. or web ci brush material: should equal. the transverscwidth ci the Vlat tuitBjtohcsev ered yf.rom.such.layer to. tormftliennishedibr.- Accordingly, thescvcrinemcans, which willfconvcnicntly comprise. two.4 coacting rshear yblades- 14, I4., will bc located a' distance beyond. they clame times thc Width .cf-the. `flattufrt .in-.cuestion ,In Eis-..5 the iiiisbed` brush .which is shown as iusth .ir-.1s beenscvercd .from the continuous. `layer .or .b of brush material is showin removed a shortndisv tance beyondthe line of severance. Themcans whereby :the layer or web ispadvanced in the man: ner described may be conveniently l located be? twecnthejaws l2., l2. and the shearbladcsld; Hl, such means operating of. course. only-.when .said jaws are separated.

As `previously indicated, lthe further'modiiied construction ofA apparatus illustratedin Figs. 6 to 9` inclusive embracesaddtional lautomatic fea.- tures for forming Vbrushes of the-twisted .stem type including vmeans. ior-twisting .the Astem wires throughout their entire .length so .as #to/present the :layer `tif-:brush material: 'in helical fform; .as shown in Eig.` 2, insteadtof :in the y iormof-a -a't tuftcas :shown Fig. In this machine-.as ln theorie last;v described; .a :continuous fla-yerofbrush vmaterial B3, 1. e`-.' one of indeilnte-length, is 1utilized.jj ust asfin the apparatus-last described. AscshoWn-"inlilig 6., .such ,layer maybe subdivided into ag series of parallelxlayersior webs. whicharc guided through a correspondingseries .of tubes 20 pas't opposedfpairs of .clampijaws 2l, 2l and 22, 22 Vwhich-are designedftobe alternately closed upon and :so-grip lthe-'layer orf-web of 'lbrus-h material. These 'jawsvare respectively operatedfby hydraulicallyactuated pistons v23 and'2`4, which are in :tur-n .controlled lby va system of electr-ic Acircuits and `limit switches,- vaswill-'be presentlyA de-l scribed. 'While jaws 2|, 2`| occupyY a relatively stationary location, the otherlpalr-of ljaws 22, 2 2 are mounted-fon ea carriage' 25 'that is reciprocable on `suitable `ways -or vlguides 25a, aligned --with vthe direction 'of travel which :it is desiredto impart to -the layer orv web .B3 .of .brush material. I`This carriage thus reciprocated `by- .an .hydraulically actuated piston '26 operation of which fis .controlled in proper. correlation vwith that .of ,pstfms 1.5 Hand. 24..-sc .shatcn-prcssine .aabutton 'incr shown) which turns onvthe electric power for the controls and for starting an hydraulic-unit operating the various cylinders, oil under pressure'will be supplied through valve'2l'- alternately to the cylinders which actuate the pairs of-jaws 2|, 2l and 22, 22,and through valve 28 alternately to Yopposite sides of the cylinder in which piston reciprocates. Thus when-jaws 21, 2l are in open position, jaws-22, 22 willbe closed to grip the layer or-brush material therebetween and simultaneously piston 26 will be actuated to move the carriage 25 forwardly, i. e. to the right as illustrated in Figs. 6 and 7. Upon completion of such movement, 'jaws 2|, 2i will in turn be closed;v jaws 22, 22 `tlfiere'upon opened, and simultaneously said piston 2t will be movedin the reverse direction to return the carriage, and thus such last-mentioned jaws carried thereby, to starting position. Y Y

'-The extent of the' forward movement of the carriage 25fwill be controlled by contact of anA presently described aftercompleting 'the descrip tionof those which follow theintermittent forward feeding of the brush material.

In the mounting of clamp jaws 2|',12I 'and 22, 22- it is necessary that provision be made for adjusting the position of each pair longitudinally of the layer of brush material, as' well as for' adjusting the extent offorward movement of the carriage and thus of said second pair of clamp jaws. The distance through which such movement is had will, as in the previously described- 'constructionequal the transverse width of the successive sections to be severed from the continuous layer or web of-brush material to enter intov the formation of the individual brushes which the machine is set to make. The first step. in the actual fabrication of the brush is to assemble witlrsuccessive sections of the layer or web. 133.01c brush material the'doubled pieces of wire-which are toiorm the stems of the brushes. Such wire'W (see Figs. 6 and 9), is designed to befedyertically upwardly closely contiguous to one edge of the layer of brush material just beyond the path of movement of the clamp jaws 22,;22, as they are moved forwardly to advance successive sections of such layer. Adjacent such point, but located on a plane an adjustable Vdis-- tance -below the layer,are two opposed shear blades and. 3 6, the latter of'which is adapted to be moved by an hydraulically actuated piston.

31 to cut off the upwardly projecting section of said Wire W. The adjustment of this cutting-oir device will be such that the section of the wire thus severed will have-its mid-point located opposite'V to the edge of the layer of brush material. Adjacent such midfpoint of the section of wire thus severed are two spaced-apart forming dies 38 which, when'moved transversely of said layer of brush material, are adapted, in .conjunction with a stationary vpin 39, to bend the severed sectionof wire sozas to laterally enfold suchA layer. Dies 38 are thus reciprocated by an hydraulically actuated piston 49, .operation of which is in turn controlled conjointly with that of piston 3'! which actuates shear blade 36 as well as piston 26 which serves to reciprocate carriage 25. A stop 4|', which lies between the forming dies 3B, serves to hold the wire after being doubled over the layer All? latter will deliver such doubled stem wires- I"to:

clamps 4I and42. These are mounted for rotation about the common axis of the stem wires, and means for rotating saidjaws, as wellas for opening and closing the same, will be automatically controlled so that vthese operations will occur in proper sequence with other operations which remain to be described.

Located between the rotatable jaws 4l and 42' are two relatively vertically reciprocable dies `43` and 44, one disposed to lie above and the otherbelow the layer of brush material with doubled stem wires attached thereto as described, said dies 'having depressions 43a and 44a in their opposed facesy adapted to receive such wires. Such depressions, however, are of less depth than the thickness of the wires so that when the dies are forced together' by means of hydraulically actuated pistons t5 and 46, respectively connected therewith, the dies will exert pressure directly on the wires and forcibly compact Ythe layer of brush material therebetween. An electrically controlled valve 111 controls in turn the supply of pressure iluid whereby said pistons ar'e actuated, the timing being such that while said diesli and dfi are forced together to compress the stem wires tightly into place with the brush material therebetween, a valve 48 which controls the actuation of piston 31, and valve.49 which similarly controls the actuation of piston 40, will cause a fresh section of wire W to be severed, and such section doubled upon the portion ofbrush layer B3 which is to enter into the next succeeding brush.

Upon completion of the closing movement of the clamps or dies 43 and 44, a limit switch 50 is actuated to start .power driven means .'(not shown) whereby clamp jaws 4| are caused to rotate a suicient number oftimes to twist the stem wires held therebetween vup to the point where the latter are pressed between said dies43 and dal. After said jaws have completed such predetermined number of turns, cutting-off mechanism in the formof a reciprocable double shear 5i will be operated .byan hydraulically actuated piston (not shown) to sever the'layer of brush material on the near side of rthe closed dies or jaws 13 and 44 and trim oi any protrudf ing strands on the further side of said dies. On completion of the operation of cutting oif the brush material, a limit switch 52 is actuated, such switch in turn actuating valve 4l to open the jaws or dies 43 and 44, the shear or cutter 5i being at the same time withdrawn.l If a brush of the iiat type illustrated in Fig. V1 is desired, such brush is now completed and may bedischa-rged from the machine by opening the aligned rotatable jaws t! and 42 whereby the respective` ends of the stern wires l' have been gripped dur-1 ing the operations lastdescribed above. On the other hand, if a helically formed brush, such as illustrated in Fig. 2, is desired, following separa-Jv tion oi" dies e3 and le and withdrawal of the shear or cutter 5i, a further rotative movement is imparted to said jaws e! in the same direction as before so as to complete the twisting of the remaining portions lof the'stem wires between which the brush material has been pressed `byv actionof'said dies.V As previously explained, 'the compressive action of 'the latterfis sumcle'nt so that the severed section of the layer will bese- Curely held betweenthe stem Wire portions during this further twisting operation, i. e.` the coinponent strands will not be displaced so that'after the requisite number of turns a nishedtwisted stem brush of helical form is produced. The latter will then vbe 'ejected from 'the machine by opening the rotatable jaws 4 l and 42 and the machine thus prepared for another cycle of operae tions.

It will be understood that the brush material B3 will be supplied to the machine froma suit-- able rotatably supported spool or spools (not shown) located at the left thereof as illustrated in Fig. 6. Such material may consistof any of the usual materials employed in making brushes of the type in question, suchy as crimped brush Wire, crimped or straight nylon or other synthetic brush material, cord, or any other lamentous material vthat 'may be conveniently provided in continuous lengths: While, 'as in the case of the simpler form bfi'm'echanism illustated in Figs. 4 and -5, such material may be directly drawn from the vspool on which it is supplied in the form of a flat layer, where the width of such layer is increased in order to make a brush of correspondingly greater longitudinal extent, such material vwill have a tendency to bunch unevenly in the course of its passage through themachine. This diiiculty is overcome by sub-dividing the material by means 'such as the tubes 20 illustrated in Fig. 6 which serve to maintain an even distribution of the material transversely of the layer or web. The tubes 20 are located closely adjacent each other so that Upon emerging from 'tubes Vand being engaged by the dies 43 fand 44 such sub-divisions of course entirely disappear, 'and the 'component strands will be spread uniformly throughout the entire transverse width of the layer or web.

Figs.` 6 to 9 inclusive being wholly schematic, ithas been deemed unnecessary to illustrate the electrical circuits in which the 'several limit switches are included, since the interconnections of such devices for the purpose of effecting the sequential operation of a series of valves orlike instrumentalities is of course well understood. Similarly, it has been deemed unnecessary to illustrate the means whereby oil or equivalent iiuid under pressure is supplied to the'cylinders for the several pistons which actuate the difiere cnt instrumentalities, as described.

Once the operation of the machine as illus; trated in said Figs. 6 to 9 inclusive .is started, such operation will continue automaticallyuntil the supply of `stranded brush material isexhausted. Such operation will be entirely automatic and finished brushes may be turned out atthe rate of from thirty to siXty per minute. Moreover, such brushes, whether ofthe flat yor helical form, will not only have the brush material secured between the stern wires with a 'degree of firmness not heretofore obtainable, where, as `in the conventional method for making twisted stem brushes, previ ously cut short lengthsof stranded brush material are utilized, but the placement of the material will be accurately controlled so that no further trimming of the Afinished brush is required.

While4 the stemV wires between which the brush material is secured are preferably formed as shown by doubling a single wirevat an intermediu ate point, it will be understood that thetwo wires required for the purpose may be otherwise pro;

10 l, 'whichthe layer of brush n'raterial'may` be cnn'ed. e Thus instead of 4beiner bent' or folded at point 2 the stem wires I, illustrated in Figs. 3 and e, may comprise separate wires "tacked together` at the point in duestionyas'at 53 in Fig. 10, by braing or welding. The stem portions extending beyond ythe other side of the layer of brush material Vmay likewise be welded together as at 54 and 'Ef'.iinstead of being secured together by twstg 'gv. Where it is not importantthat the end of the stein be rounded (as by doubling) or that it terminate closely adjacent the layer' of brush material, 4the two component wires may merely be twistedtogether as at 5t (Fig. 11). Indeed, this may also bedne/Wh'n a 'single' wire is doubled t terni the two stem wires, the ends yof such 'wires being joined as by'twisting at 51 (Figa-12') while vided, solong assuch wires are suitably secured A together so as to provide area or space within the doubled portion is twisted to forma stem 58 terminating in a handle loop- 59. variouspther modifications will be apparent tov those Skilled in the art as being capable of manufacture by cui" new method. l i

Other modes 'of applying the principle of oui' invention lmay be employed instead of the one explained, change being made as regardsthemeans and the steps herein disclosed, provided those stated by any ofthe following claims or their equivalent be employed. Y l

' We therefore particularly point out and distinctly claim asour invention: l n

'l. n the manufacture of brushes of the twisted stem type, the steps which include doubling transversely of a layer of brush material-at spaced intervals therealong, a `series of elongated stem forming members, whereby portions of the latter -are brought into contact with opposite sides of such layer, the point of doubling being adjacent one edge of thelatter, subjecting the layer contacting portions of said members to 'externally imposed transverse pressure, whereby such layer will be compacted and remain firmly held between such portions by the compressive action thereof, and then subsequently transversei ly severing such layer between successive meine' bers.

2; In the manufacture of brushes of the twisted stem type, the steps which in'clude doubling vtransversely ofa layer of brush materiaLat spaced in== tervals therealong, a series of elongated lstem forming members, whereby portions of the latter are brought into contact with opposite sides of such layer, the point of doubling being adjacent one edge of the latter, subjecting the layer con-e tacting portions of said members to externally im posed transverse pressure,- whereby such layer will be compacted and Aremain firmly held between such portions by the compressive action thereof, twisting together the portions of said members lying beyond such layer-nto form a stem, and then subsequently transversely severing such layer between successive members. Y l

3.*In the manufacture of brushes of the twisted stem type, the steps which include doubling transversely ofa layer of brush material, at spaced in tervals therealong, a series of elongated qstem forming members, whereby portions of the latter are brought into contact with opposite sides of such layenthe point of doubling being adjacent one edge of the latter, subjecting the layer contacting portion of said members to externally'imposed transverse pressure, whereby suchv layer will be compacted and remain firmly heldnbtween such Aportions by the compressive actin thereof, twisting together the portions vof said members lying beyond suh'laye'r to'form a stein',

while the portions of said member in contact with such layer are still vunder pressure, and then transversely severing such layer between successive members.

4. In the manufacture of brushes of the twisted stem type, the steps which include doubling transversely of a layer of brush material, at spaced intervals therealong, a series of elongated stem forming members, whereby portions of the latter are brought into contact with opposite sides of such layer the point of doubling being adjacent one edge of the latter, subjecting the layer contacting portion of said members to externally imposed transverse pressure, whereby such layer will be compacted and remain firmly held between such portions by the compressive action thereof, twisting together the portions of said members lying beyond such layer to form a stem, while the portions of said member in contact with such layer are still under pressure, relieving such pressure, thereupon twisting together such lastmentioned portions tol form a continuation of such stem, ,and then transversely severing such layer between successive members. 5. In mechanism for making brushes, means for advancing by successive steps a continuous layer ofbrush material, means adapted to apply to opposite sides of such layer, at one point of rest in its path of movement, a pair of opposed, elongated stem forming members, a pair of opposed dies located to engage such members at a subsequent point of rest of such layer and compress the latter between said members means operative to secure such members together permanently to grip such brush material therebetween, and means operative to sever such layer at a point spaced from such stem members after such stem members have thus been pressed against such layer by said dies.

6. In mechanism for making brushes of the twisted stem type, means for advancing by successive steps a layer of brush material, means adapted to apply to opposite sides of such layer, at one point of rest in its path of movement, a pair of opposed, elongated stem forming members, a pair of opposed dies located to engage said members at a subsequent point of rest of such layer and compress the latter between said members, and means adapted to engage the ends of said members and twist the same together, said cessive steps a layer of brush material, means adapted to apply to opposite sides of such layer, at'one point of rest in its path of movement, a pair of opposed, elongated stem forming members, a pair of opposed dies located to engage said members at a subsequent point of rest of such layer vand compress the latter between said members, and meansadapted to engage the ends of said members and twist the same together, said twisting means being controlled to operate initially while said dies are closed and thereupon to continue operation after said dies have opened. j' 8. In mechanism for making brushes of the twisted stem type, means for advancing by successive steps a layer of brush material, means adapted to apply to such layer, at one point of rest in its path of movement, a pair of opposed, elongated stem forming members, a pair of opposed dies located to' engage said members at a subsequent point of rest ci such layer and compress theV latter 'between said members, shearing means. adapted to severV such layer transversely at a point intermediate of the stem forming members thus applied, and means adapted to engage the ends of said members and twist the same together, lsaid twisting means being controlled to operate initially while said dies are closed and thereupon to continue operation after such layer has been severed and said dies have opened.

9. In mechanism for making brushes of the twisted stem type, the combination with means for advancing by successive steps a layer of brush material, of means adapted to apply to such layer, at one point or" rest in its path of movement, a pair of opposed, elongated stem forming members said means including a pin located adjacent one edge of such layer, and a pair of forming dies reciprocable past said pin across such layer, whereby a length of such elongated member may be doubled over said pin to contact opposite sides of such layer.

10. In mechanism for making brushes of the twisted stem type, the combination with means for advancing by successive steps a layer of brush material, ofmeans adapted to apply to such layer, at one point of rest in its path of movement, a pair of opposed, elongated stem forming members, said means including a pin located adjacent one edge of such layer, a pair of forming dies reciprocable past said pin across such, layer whereby a length of such elongated member may be doubled over said pin to contact opposite sides of such layer, and a stop between said dies adapted to retain such doubled member in place upon retraction of said dies.

l1. In the manufacture of brushes of the twisted wire stem type, the steps which include applying at spaced intervals to a layer of the stranded brush material, pairs of opposed, elongated members, one on each side of such layer, twisting the portions of each such pairs of members lying beyond such layer, subjecting such layer to pressure between said members before and during such twisting operation, whereby successive sections of such'layer are clamped between said members and then severing such layer between successive pairs of said members.

12. In the manufacture of brushes of the twisted stem type, the steps which include applying in succession at spaced intervals to a layer of stranded brush'material, pairs of opposed elongated members, one on each side of such layer, applying pressure to such paired elements thus placed so as to leave such layer laterally oompressed and clamped therebetween, preliminarily to twisting the latter to secure the respective severed portions of said layer therebetween and then severing such layer between successive pairs of said members.

13. In the manufacture of brushes, the steps which include doubling transversely of a layer of brush material, at spaced intervals therealong, a series of elongated stem-forming members, whereby portions of the latterY are brought into contact with opposite sides of such layer, subjecting the layer contacting portions of such members to externally imposed transverse pressure effective closely to compact such layer therebetween, securing such members tightly about such material to hold such material in substantially such closelyv compacted relationship, and severing such layer between successive members thus secured to such layer.

14. In the manufacture of brushes, the steps which include applying Aat spaced intervalsto a layer of brush material pairs of opposed elongated 11?'` members, one; on each side `oli-usuali layer, subjectingthe layer contacting. portions o; such members to externally imposed` transverse vpressure effective closely to compact v Such layertherebetween, securing such members to hold` such ,m2,- terial in substantiallyl such -closely compacted ,relationship, and severing such layer between successive pairs of said membersA thus secured to such layer. K A

15. In brush making mechanism, means operative to advance a continuous layer of brush material, means operative to advance a continuous length of wire adjacent such layer, means operative to cut off sections of such wire, means opera? tive to double such sections about such layer transversely thereof at spaced intervals therealong, externally imposed pressure means operative to compact such brush material between the portions of such sections embracing the same, means operative to secure such portions together tightly about such material to retain such material substantially thus compacted, and means operative to sever such layer between successive sections of wire thus applied.

16. In brush making mechanism, means operative to advance a continuous layer of brush material, means operative to apply elongated stemforming members to opposite sides of such layer at spaced intervals therealong, externally imposed pressure means operative to compress such brush material between such members, means operative to secure such members tightly about such material to retain such material substantially thus compacted, and means operative to sever such layer between successive pairs of such members thus secured to such layer.

17. In brush making mechanism, means operative to advance a continuous generally at layer of brush material, means operative to apply a pair of opposed elongated retaining members to opposite at sides of such layer at one station in the travel of the latter, pressure means operative to engage suoli members in the region of such layer and compress such layer transversely therebetween, means operative to secure such members together to retain such material thus compressed, and means adapted to sever such layer of brush material between successive pairs of such members thus secured to such layer.

18. In brush making mechanism, means operative to advance a continuous generally at layer of brush material, means voperative to apply a pair of opposed elongated retaining members to' opposite iiat sides of such layer at one station in the travel of the latter, pressure means operative to engage such members in the region of layer and compress such layer transversely therebetween, twisting means operative to twist portions of such members extending beyond such layer together to retainsuch material therebetween while maintaining such externally imposed pressure thereon, said twisting means being also adapted to twist the portions of such members gripping such layer of brush material therebetween after release of such externally imposed pressure, and means adapted to sever such layer of brush material intermediate successive pairs of such members prior to twisting of the material gripping portions of the latter.

19. In brush making mechanism, means operative to advance a continuous generally flat layer of brush material, means operative to apply ka pair of opposed elongated retaining members to opposite at sides of such layer at one station in the travel of the latter, pressure means operative to engage such members across the entire lateral extent, ofrisuch layer-and .compress :such Arayer? therebetween, means operative. toV secure :such

members to retain such material in locallycome 'Y pressed condition, and means adapted to sever" such layer of brush material intermediate successive pairs of 'such members.

20. In brush making mechanism, means operative to advance a continuous-layer of brush maielielc means Operative i90/apply a; mir-0i Qpposedv elongated retaining members to opposite sides of such layer, pressure means operative to engage such members in the region of such layer and compress such layer therebetween, twisting means operative to twist portions of such members extending beyond such layer together to retain such material securely therebetween while maintaining suoli externally imposed pressure on such layer, and means adapted to sever such layer of brush material between successive pairs of such members.

21. In brush manufacture, the steps of advancing a continuous layer of brush material drawn from a supply thereof in the form of a relatively narrow elongated flat body, doubling an elongated stem-forming member transversely of such layer at a first station to engagesuch layer between straight parallel portions thereof, the point of such doubling being closely adjacent one edge of such layer and such member extending beyond the other edge of such layer, subjecting such layer-engaging portions of such member to heavy externally imposed pressure to compact such layer therebetween, securing together the portions of such doubled member thus extending beyond such layer while maintaining pressure on such layer-engaging portions, releasing such pressure, severing such layer at a following station in the advance thereof at a point thereon following such stem member thus aixed thereto and after another such stem member has been thus doubled about such layer at such rst station, and thereafter twisting together such straight parallel portions of such stem member having the severed portion of such layer gripped therebetween.

22. In brush manufacture, the steps of advancing a continuous layer of brush material drawn from a supply thereof in the form of a relatively narrow elongated at body, ldoubling an elongated stem-forming member transversely of such layer to engage such layer between straight parallel portions thereof, the point of such doubling being closely adjacent one edge of such layer and such member extending beyond the other edge of such layer, subjecting such layer-engaging portions of such member to heavy external pressure to compact such layer therebetween, securing together the portions of such doubled member extending beyond such layer while maintaining pressure on such layer-engaging portions, releasing such pressure, further advancing such layer, and thereafter transversely severing such layer at a point intermediate such member and a following member aixed to such layer in like manner.

23. In mechanism for making brushes of the twisted stem type, means operative to advance b y successive steps a continuous layer of brush material, means operative to apply transversely to such layer, at one point of rest in its path of ad- Vance, a pair of opposed elongated stem-forming members, a pair of opposed dies located at a subsequent point of rest of such layer and operative to engage such members to compress such layer therebetween, twisting means operative .to engage the end portions of suchmernbers and twist such twisting operation.

RUBEN O. PETERSON. VERNON K. CHARVAT.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the le of this patent:

Number 16 UNITED STATES PATENTS Name Date Fischer May 16, 1916 Carter Dec. 19, 1916 Randolph July 28, 1925 Donahue Feb. 16, 1926 Van Veen July 2, 1929 Baumgartner Mar. 11, 1941 Cave Mar. 16. 1943 

